Your new chakra system

In the next stage of your physical body's shifting reality a realm of many vibrant prismatic colours and dancing energy patterns. Your body's chakra system can be viewed as an energy pattern of beautiful colours, circling each of its thirteen major energy centres. Imagine glorious combinations of reds, coral-pinks and vibrant lightblues, red-oranges and pale and day-glow greens, dancing together in marvellous ways. Picture each energy centre working with every other as one. Before we immerse ourselves in the observation of our chakras, let me briefly describe why this is happening to you.

Chakras (or your major energy centres) allow your transforming physical body to integrate its spiritual body and to function properly. To accomplish these complex procedures, your local Spiritual Hierarchy intends to bring four additional chakras online as soon as possible. These four new centres will permit you to manage the immensity of multi-dimensional information inherent in your new physicality. In addition, they will transform the other seven chakras, thereby allowing them to take on many new 'responsibilities'. Let us now engage our ship's unique 'miniature' drive and enter this changing life-energy system of your chakras. To assist us in explaining your new chakra system in great detail, we have brought a special magnifying system online.

The first extra centre is at the diaphragm where your body's emotional memory system is currently located. The second new centre is situated at the thymus where your body's immune system is presently regulated. (Fully-conscious humans possess a complete and very healthy immune system.). The two other new centres are in the head. One (called the 'Well of Dreams') is found in the back of the head just above your medulla oblongata. It regulates the connection your consciousness has with information from higher dimensions. The other new chakra is located near the pituitary and is named after the master endocrine gland in the body. Instead of the previous seven physical body centres, your transformed body now has eleven. This eleven-canter network has two additional inter-dimensional (etheric) centres located above the head. They are called the 'Universal Female' and the 'Universal Male'. In total, you will have thirteen primary or main chakras -two purely etheric and eleven that are part of your physical selves (see above chart). Let us begin the following portion of our mini-tour by describing these new and currently transforming chakras.

[1] The first chakra (root centre) is located at the base of the abdominal cavity. Its
main purpose, however, is changing. This energy centre allows Mother Earth to attune
your life force vibrations to hers. In effect, Mother Earth depends upon the resonance
of her physical Angels to maintain maximum efficiency of her magnetic and
gravitational fields.
[2] The second chakra (sex centre) is located near the sexual organs and is tied to the
first chakra. Its primary purpose is to help vivify the body through the use of special
sexual practices or disciplines such as highly ritualized, fully-conscious tantra. This
process permits the vibrating energy (internal sexual tuning crystal) to tune the entire
body and, especially, the first chakra.
[3] The third chakra (solar plexus centre) is located just above your belly button and is the seat of the second connection point for your Full Self. Life energy enters through the crown centre at the top of the head (the golden cord) and through the solar plexus (the silver cord) or seat of your Will. The heart centre regulates this energy.
[4] The newly formed fourth chakra (diaphragm centre), found at the base of the thoracic cavity, is now the centre for storing negative emotions. In the near future, it will be able to alleviate stress and empower Will energies stored in the solar plexus centre. This chakra is the centre of a rejuvenated 'prana' (breath energy). And, as students of yoga know, prana acts to revitalize and purify the body.
[5] The fifth chakra (heart centre) is found at the heart. It is a vital link to the Angelic energies of pure thought and to the holy energy of complete Love, devoid of all possession, sentimentality, etc. This complete or pure love enables your body to operate at peak efficiency.
[6] The sixth chakra (thymus centre), also newly formed, is where the thymus gland is situated. In your coming reality, the body is pure thought-form. Its immune system is tremendously strong and viable. In the transformed human, the thymus retains its initial size which is about one-third the size of an adult heart.
This means that the thymus centre remains sound throughout your lifetime. The human body easily attains the ability to transmute any potential illness or disease. Due to Earth's present high levels of background radiation and to the many long-forgotten wars that have ripped your atmosphere asunder, your thymus centre begins its gradual deterioration immediately following birth. By adulthood, it has shrivelled from the size of a human baby's heart to that of a small pea.

[7] The seventh chakra is located in the throat and helps to collect prana energy that invigorates and purifies the body. It also acts as the communicator for your consciousness and co-ordinates the energies of the body, with the regulatory consciousness energies of the head.
[8] The eighth chakra (Well of Dreams' centre) is currently vestigial and is found in the area of the occipital lobe (at the base and back of the head) directly above the neck. Individuals, particularly those with psychic abilities, commonly get headaches from information 'bottlenecking' that create discomfort in this region. This chakra's inactivity mirrors your present state as a dormant, limited conscious Being.
In the present reality, humans with expanded psychic abilities can use connections critical to the brain's limbic system provided by the "Well of Dreams' to mentally control others. It is important to realize this and to surround this centre with great spiritual protection. In the new fully conscious system, this particular centre, regulating psychic energies and preventing you from ever being controlled, becomes very important.

[9] The ninth (pituitary chakra) is newly located in the area of the pituitary gland. Near the centre of your head, it permits the body to respond to Light and radiation and, by utilizing this response, eventually will rejuvenate your body. In the new body, the sixth, eighth, and ninth centres interact quite extensively with the others, allowing you to use any vital, inter-dimensional information-energy immediately.
[10] The tenth chakra (pineal centre) is located in the centre of the forehead above the nose and near the pineal gland. It brings in higher Light frequencies and is known as the vision centre or the 'third eye'. Together, the eighth and tenth chakras permit you to receive and interpret visions and other key messages from higher vibratory states.
[11] The eleventh chakra (crown centre) is located at the back half of the top of the head. It is here that the Full Self energies from the universal source and the two new etheric chakras connect into the head.
[12] The twelfth chakra (Universal Female) is situated just above the head. It controls the left side of your body and regulates your many creative gifts and talents. It is also where the desire for internal self-love and for external love or compassion originates.
[13] The thirteenth chakra (Universal Male) is found above the head and regulates the right side of the body. It also has authority over your perceptions of reality and your ability to carry out a designated plan with practicality. This chakra is the source of your desire for inner and outer harmony.

~KIROAN~

Earth and its role in the processes of the universe and the entire Universe. December 2012--A THEORY BY KIROAN

World of Earth is an experimental laboratory, where the selection is made of new forms of consciousness. At the moment the Earth has a special role. This is due to the special conditions of life existence of life forms. Psychosphere Earth contains a specific virus transmutation of consciousness.

Originally, the Earth, as an experimental base was created with a specific set of frequency characteristics corresponding to the original design parameters. For a long time was in a reserved state because Psychosphere Earth checked the stability of these design parameters.

In one audit of this experimental base occurred unauthorized discharge transmutiruyuschego virus one of the laboratories Negative Systems, the leading work on the unauthorized removal of virus mutation of Consciousness. At that time the facts were hidden from the dumping of the Group Supervisor, and the presence of the virus had not been recorded in subsequent audits. The virus was dormant.

After settling of the Earth life forms for a long time failed to record any deviations of the frequency characteristics of the object (the Earth) from the designed parameters.

It should be clarified as follows.

When you deploy the experimental work on the new object (the Earth), the initial stage of the experiment is on a rigid, pre-tested program that helps further identify gaps in project work and eliminate them to ensure the В«pure conditionsВ» for the proper unfolding of the experiment itself.

After some time of life processes on Earth began to deviate from the pre-defined parameters. Analysis of the initial stage and processing the collected statistical material led to the conclusion about the presence of the Earth Psychosphere certain substance, causing deviation of the vital processes of the specified parameters.

With the help of appropriate methods, this substance was found. She was a new type of virus, mutated Consciousness. This information was noted and the meeting of the Council of the Karmic Universe made a decision to continue carrying out experimental work on Earth.

Thus, on Earth 2012 (due to the presence psihovirusa) there is a situation conducive to enhancing life processes. The situation itself is recognized as very unique. Given that it took some extra time to study the evolution of Consciousness in the new environment and gather more information about the mechanisms of its action, there is a slight lag time of life processes. It is also noted that the chaotic processes on Earth, exceeding permissible limits.

It should be noted that the Grand Plan of Creation of the Infinite Consciousness is implemented in a phased manner within a specific time segments. In reality, Earth time, these stages are known as the Great Cycle.

According to the Plan of Creation on Earth ends with the next stage of the Grand Experiment. Statistical material accumulated and processed, all information is collected, processed and taken into account.

Earth as a pilot project, translated into a new phase, that is, set new parameters for the continued functioning of the system.
Translation of the Earth in the new conditions - is a quantum leap to a new Earth orbital. Reference time (on the earthly concept of time) passing through the point of a new stage (cycle) - December 2012.

Quantum transition involves testing of a hierarchical system of this universe, since this hierarchical system is also a pilot and is subject to testing in a planned manner in order to verify its effectiveness.

What created the Earth?
Since its creation, and until this point in time the Earth is under scrutiny Higher Powers of the Cosmos, as the planet was created with a purpose to accomplish important strategic objectives.

Goals of this planet are as follows:

1. Gradual saturation of information planetary zones of different energy levels and fixation of this information in certain energy structure of the planet. This process corresponds to the creation of an information-based Bank of the Universe based on the planetary system of the Earth. В«Living LibraryВ» - This name appears in some terrestrial information sources. Earth, as В«Living LibraryВ» is produced by the Bank Information Universe.

2. Creation on the basis of the planetary system of the Earth Intergalactic Learning Center Shower and essences. The main activities of the Center - work in practice skills Unity various categories Shower and various hierarchical system by passing a variety of life lessons. Previously we can say that summarized the principles of this methodology are reflected in the В«scientist MikhailВ».

One of the important lessons in the way of evolutionary development Shower is a lesson of understanding the principles of the True Unconditional Love - agape. At this point in time on the Planet forming conditions that will allow the souls dwell in the given time in the earthly realm, the most effective pass this life lesson. The work will be conducted among the hierarchical system.

3. Building on the basis of the planetary system of the Earth core foundation for a new creative unit (TE). В«Cradle of PeaceВ» - this is the name of the project. Purpose - to lay the foundation for a new 18-th of the Universe.

A THEORY BY KIROAN KUMAR CHALAPAKA
~KIROAN~

WHO ARE WE? Hastening Nibiru ....(MY THEORY)

Several billion years ago there was a large planet Tiamat. It revolved around the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. At the same time was another huge planet Nibiru, moving in the opposite direction in relation to other planets.

Every 3600 years Nibiru passed our solar system between Mars and Jupiter. Once, passing through the orbit of Nibiru came so close to Tiamat, that one of its moons faced with Tiamat and split it in half. The result is that a huge chunk of Tiamat went off course and crossed the orbit between Venus and Mars, became the Earth as we know it now. Another part of the scattered in a million pieces, becoming the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

Approximately 430-450 thousand years ago, Nibiru a problem with the ozone layer. To keep the heat it was necessary to spray in the upper atmosphere tiny gold particles that they, like a mirror reflects light and heat back to the planet. Began the study, in which the Earth was discovered a large quantity of gold.

It began with the development of the Earth Nephilim Nibiru. Nephilim were very high growth: women - 3-4 meters, Men - 4-5 meters. Lifespan was about 360 000 Earth years. They began to build cities in the area of modern Iraq, but the gold was mined in one of the valleys in south-eastern Africa.

Approximately 200 thousand years ago, the Nephilim, workers rebelled. They no longer wanted to work in the mines. Therefore, the leaders of the Nephilim, decided to create a new race of slaves to mine gold. To do this, return to Earth with 32 being the third planet of Sirius B. They were 16 men and 16 women who were also giants, but in essence they were the creatures of the fourth dimension.



They absolutely know exactly what to do. So they went directly into the womb of the Earth - Halls of Amenti, and were directly in front of the pyramid and the flame blue and white light 1,2 - 1,5 meters tall and about 1 0 feet in diameter, created the Nephilim. This flame is a pure prana, pure consciousness, which is called a planetary "egg", and which was created for the evolutionary path of mankind. Siriantsy understand that all is light. Therefore, they simply create a 32 slab of rose quartz and lay on these boards around the flame, heads to the center, face up, alternating - a man and a woman. Siriantsy fired Conception - merged with the flame or egg Nephilim. At this time, at the level of the third dimension, scientists - Nephilim took earthly clay, the primacy of the blood and semen of male Nephilim, mixed it all together and put in the uterus nefilimskim seven young women. It took about 2000 years on the birth of a new race. And in Gondwana near the western coast of South Africa's first human beings appeared. There were seven and they were sterile, ie could not reproduce themselves. Nephilim continued to produce small creatures, creating an army of slaves, mining gold.

SUMMARY. Science does not understand how people come to Earth. She knows that mankind somewhere 150-250 thousand years. Between primates and humans is the "missing link". It seems that people came out of nowhere, it is not clear how they evolved. It's like I just stepped through some mysterious door and ended up here.

Passed. Cities Nephilim bigger. They were extraordinarily beautiful and exquisite. They had huge gardens, and around the tropical rainforest. It was decided to transfer some of the slaves from the southern mines in the city to care for gardens.
And once a slave girl named Eva learned from Enki (translated as "snakes") of apples from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, which gave her the ability to bear children. Adam they were eating these apples. Nephilim were furious. Particular, they did not want Adam and Eve ate from another tree of life, then they could become immortal. Therefore, they expelled from the garden to another place, where they began to multiply. Preserved the names of all their sons and daughters.

SUMMARY. Archaeologists in the same place in Africa, discovered gold mines, of which 100 thousand years. Gold - a soft metal and is very rare among ancient archeological finds. Why do people have to much gold and where it going? Here were found human bones, at least at the time 20 thousand years ago. They are identical to ours, but the only difference is that they could not have kids.

Since then, our race has developed along two lines: one to continue his race and was free (though controlled), the other could not have children, and they were slaves, gold mining is 20 000 years ago. This branch is killed during the Great Flood, approximately 12 500 years ago.

Descendant of Adam and Eve to the other, the mainland has risen in the Pacific Ocean, in Lemuria. There they were allowed to develop themselves, without interference from the Nephilim. It was a happy time and it lasted about 65-70 thousand years. During this time, changed the structure of the skeleton, have changed the size and shape of the skull. Race became pravopolusharnoy, with the woman's nature. This new civilization of Lemuria developed magnificently.

One of the discoveries was the acquisition of immortality. Two men named Ai and Taya realized that if making love in a certain way and to breathe in a certain way, then when the baby is born, all three become immortal. Ai and Taya Naakalskuyu opened the first school of mysteries, which were taught how to achieve what we call the Resurrection or the Ascension through tantra. All went to the fact that in the next few thousand years, they probably would have moved the whole race to a new level of consciousness. But, apparently, was not yet the right time. Only 333 families have been trained, when Lemuria went under water. Lemurian knew about the upcoming dive, because it was a women's civilization with powerful psychic abilities. They were previously moved to the territory from Lake Titicaca in Central America and Mexico to Mount Shasta to the north. Immortal beings Lemuria settled on a small island Undan field to the north of the continent of Atlantis rise again.

Since then, mankind has entered the next level of change of consciousness.

SUMMARY. The existence of Lemuria was recognized in 1910, and it is connected with corals. In the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 550 meters were discovered coral ring stretching from Easter Island to a great distance. This means that the rings were initially inside the island, which sank under the water very slowly, as the corals to grow, must be close to the surface of the water (no more than 46 meters). In addition, the entire chain of islands from Hawaii to Easter is absolutely the same flora and fauna, not such as to other islands. This can be explained only by the fact that once existed between these islands crosspieces sushi.


~KIROAN~

what happens in 2012?

People are frightened - they are waiting for something terrible. For example, the end of the world, they say, Maya foreseen it, and therefore have completed their calendar with a specific date. In fact, the calendar is not ending. So-called Great Cycle is ending. Or Fifth Sun in the terminology of the Maya period of 5126 years. The last day of this cycle - December 21, 2012 (12.21.2012). Then begins the next cycle. But it inspires terrible fear.


What was predicted?

According to scientists' calculations, The Fifth Sun began on August 13 3113 BC. Why then? With what event it was connected? Nobody knows. We dont know also, where the ancient Maya in general took their refined system of counting the time and dividing it into cycles. Nevertheless, modern people believe that there was the meaning. Predicting the disasters that will mark the beginning of the next great cycle of the Mayan calendar - The Sixth Epoch of Creation, or Sixth Sun or 2012 - the doomsday.
2012 Unlimited Philosophy

1. Humanity and Planet Earth are currently going through a huge change or shift in consciousness and reality perception.

2. The Mayan civilization of Central America was and is the most advanced in relation to time-science knowledge. Their main calendar is the most accurate on the planet. It has never erred. They actually have 22 calendars in total, covering the many timing cycles in the Universe and Solar System. Some of these calendars are yet to be revealed.




3. The Mayan fifth world finished in 1987. The sixth world starts in 2012. So we are currently "between worlds". The end of the world 2012. This time is called the "Apocalypse" or revealing. This means the real truth will be revealed. It is also the time for us to work through "our stuff" individually and collectively.

4. The Mayan sixth world is actually blank. This means it is up to us, as co-creators, to start creating the new world and civilization we want now.

5. The Mayans also say that by 2012: [a] - we will have gone beyond technology as we know it. [b] - we will have gone beyond time and money. [c] - we will have entered the fifth dimension after passing through the fourth dimension [d] - Planet Earth and the Solar System will come into galactic synchronization with the rest of the Universe. [e] - Our DNA will be "upgraded" (or reprogrammed) from the centre of our galaxy. (Hunab Ku) "Everbody on this planet is mutating. Some are more conscious of it than others. But everyone is doing it" - Extraterrestrial Earth Mission.

6. In 2012 the plane of our Solar System will line up exactly with the plane of our Galaxy, the Milky Way. This cycle has taken 26,000 years to complete. Virgil Armstrong also says that two other galaxies will line up with ours at the same time. A cosmic event!

7. Time is actually speeding up (or collapsing). For thousands of years the Schumann Resonance or pulse (heartbeat) of Earth has been 7.83 cycles per second, The military have used this as a very reliable reference. However, since 1980 this resonance has been slowly rising. It is now over 12 cycles per second! This mean there is the equalivant of less than 16 hours per day instead of the old 24 hours. Another intrepetation is - we, or rather Consciousness have been down this same road seven times before over the last 16 billion years. Each of these cycles of Creation runs 20 times faster than the last one. The same amount of Creation is paced 20 times tighter. This is why time seems to be going so fast. It is not "time" but Creation itself that is accelerating. (see Mayan Calendar Central)



8. During the Apocalypse or the time "between worlds" many people will be going through many personal changes. The changes will be many and varied. It is all part of what we came here to learn or experience. Examples of change could be- relationships coming to an end, change of residence or location, change of job or work, shift in attitude or thinking etc.

9. Remember, in any given moment we are making small and large decisions. Each decision is based on LOVE or FEAR. Choose love, follow your intuition, not intellect and follow your passion or "burning inner desire." Go with the flow.

10. Thought forms are very important and affect our everyday life. We create our reality with thought forms. If we think negative thoughts of others this is what we attract. If we think positive thoughts we will attract positive people and events. So be aware of your thoughts and eliminate the unnecessary negative or judgemental ones.

11. Be aware that most of the media is controlled by just a few. Use discernment! Look for the hidden agendas. Why is this information being presented to you? What is "their" real agenda? Is it a case of problem-reaction-solution? Do "they" create a problem so that "we" react and ask for a fix, then "they" offer their solution? The "solution is what "they" really wanted in the first place.

12. Remember almost nothing happens by accident. Almost all "events" are planned by some agency or other. Despite this, it is a very exciting time to be alive!

~KIROAN~

2012: Beginning of the End or Why the World Won't End?

Remember the Y2K scare? It came and went without much of a whimper because of adequate planning and analysis of the situation. Impressive movie special effects aside, Dec. 21, 2012, won't be the end of the world as we know. It will, however, be another winter solstice.

Much like Y2K, 2012 has been analyzed and the science of the end of the Earth thoroughly studied. Contrary to some of the common beliefs out there, the science behind the end of the world quickly unravels when pinned down to the 2012 timeline. Below, NASA Scientists answer several questions that we're frequently asked regarding 2012.

Question (Q): Are there any threats to the Earth in 2012? Many Internet websites say the world will end in December 2012.
Answer (A): Nothing bad will happen to the Earth in 2012. Our planet has been getting along just fine for more than 4 billion years, and credible scientists worldwide know of no threat associated with 2012.

Q: What is the origin of the prediction that the world will end in 2012?
A: The story started with claims that Nibiru, a supposed planet discovered by the Sumerians, is headed toward Earth. This catastrophe was initially predicted for May 2003, but when nothing happened the doomsday date was moved forward to December 2012. Then these two fables were linked to the end of one of the cycles in the ancient Mayan calendar at the winter solstice in 2012 -- hence the predicted doomsday date of December 21, 2012.

Q: Does the Mayan calendar end in December 2012?
A: Just as the calendar you have on your kitchen wall does not cease to exist after December 31, the Mayan calendar does not cease to exist on December 21, 2012. This date is the end of the Mayan long-count period but then -- just as your calendar begins again on January 1 -- another long-count period begins for the Mayan calendar.

Q: Could phenomena occur where planets align in a way that impacts Earth?
A: There are no planetary alignments in the next few decades, Earth will not cross the galactic plane in 2012, and even if these alignments were to occur, their effects on the Earth would be negligible. Each December the Earth and sun align with the approximate center of the Milky Way Galaxy but that is an annual event of no consequence.

"There apparently is a great deal of interest in celestial bodies, and their locations and trajectories at the end of the calendar year 2012. Now, I for one love a good book or movie as much as the next guy. But the stuff flying around through cyberspace, TV and the movies is not based on science. There is even a fake NASA news release out there..."
- Don Yeomans, NASA senior research scientistQ: Is there a planet or brown dwarf called Nibiru or Planet X or Eris that is approaching the Earth and threatening our planet with widespread destruction?
A: Nibiru and other stories about wayward planets are an Internet hoax. There is no factual basis for these claims. If Nibiru or Planet X were real and headed for an encounter with the Earth in 2012, astronomers would have been tracking it for at least the past decade, and it would be visible by now to the naked eye. Obviously, it does not exist. Eris is real, but it is a dwarf planet similar to Pluto that will remain in the outer solar system; the closest it can come to Earth is about 4 billion miles.

Q: What is the polar shift theory? Is it true that the earth’s crust does a 180-degree rotation around the core in a matter of days if not hours?
A: A reversal in the rotation of Earth is impossible. There are slow movements of the continents (for example Antarctica was near the equator hundreds of millions of years ago), but that is irrelevant to claims of reversal of the rotational poles. However, many of the disaster websites pull a bait-and-shift to fool people. They claim a relationship between the rotation and the magnetic polarity of Earth, which does change irregularly, with a magnetic reversal taking place every 400,000 years on average. As far as we know, such a magnetic reversal doesn’t cause any harm to life on Earth. A magnetic reversal is very unlikely to happen in the next few millennia, anyway.

Earth, as seen in the Blue Marble: Next Generation collection of images, showing the color of the planet's surface in high resolution. This image shows South America from September 2004.Q: Is the Earth in danger of being hit by a meteor in 2012?
A: The Earth has always been subject to impacts by comets and asteroids, although big hits are very rare. The last big impact was 65 million years ago, and that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. Today NASA astronomers are carrying out a survey called the Spaceguard Survey to find any large near-Earth asteroids long before they hit. We have already determined that there are no threatening asteroids as large as the one that killed the dinosaurs. All this work is done openly with the discoveries posted every day on the NASA NEO Program Office website, so you can see for yourself that nothing is predicted to hit in 2012.

Q: How do NASA scientists feel about claims of pending doomsday?
A: For any claims of disaster or dramatic changes in 2012, where is the science? Where is the evidence? There is none, and for all the fictional assertions, whether they are made in books, movies, documentaries or over the Internet, we cannot change that simple fact. There is no credible evidence for any of the assertions made in support of unusual events taking place in December 2012.

Q: Is there a danger from giant solar storms predicted for 2012?
A: Solar activity has a regular cycle, with peaks approximately every 11 years. Near these activity peaks, solar flares can cause some interruption of satellite communications, although engineers are learning how to build electronics that are protected against most solar storms. But there is no special risk associated with 2012. The next solar maximum will occur in the 2012-2014 time frame and is predicted to be an average solar cycle, no different than previous cycles throughout history.

Addition information concerning 2012 is available on the Web, at:
NASA Astrobiology Institute: "Nibiru and Doomsday 2012"
Bad Astronomy: "The Planet X Saga: The Scientific Arguments in a Nutshell"
Sky and Telescope Magazine: "2012: The Great Scare"


SOURCE:http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012.html
~KIROAN~

Dark matter just got darker

According to the standard model of cosmology, each galaxy contains huge amounts of dark matter, which can only be detected thanks to its gravitational pull. Without it, galaxies would be torn apart, with their stars flying away from each other. Dark matter’s nature remains a mystery, a mystery that has just grown bigger…
The standard model describes the Universe as being mainly made of dark energy and dark matter (I’d like to remind you that there are also various alternatives, at least as interesting). The vast majority of astronomers agree on the fact that dark matter is “cold” (moving slowly), and that over time clumps of dark matter are formed and growing, attracting “normal” matter and forming galaxies.
Many simulations established that the density of dark matter is much higher in the centers of galaxies… But a new study just showed that a particular kind of galaxies – dwarf galaxies – have a rather homogeneous distribution of dark matter. In other words, this suggests that the standard model may be wrong.
Unless astronomers fiddle with the model, predictions don’t agree with observations…
Dwarf galaxies are mainly made of dark matter (up to 99% of their mass), the rest being stars. This feature makes dwarf galaxies the perfect candidates to study and try to better understand dark matter.
Matthew Walker from Harvard-Smithsonian Center of Astrophysics, and Jorge Peñarrubia from University of Cambridge analyzed the dark matter distribution in two Milky Way neighbors: the Fornax and Sculptor dwarf galaxies. They hold one to ten million stars (our Milky Way holds 200 to 400 billion stars). The two researchers measured the locations, speeds and chemical compositions of 1,500 to 2,500 stars.
According to their estimates, in both cases dark matter is uniformly distributed over large regions, several hundred light-years wide. This contradicts the prediction that the density of dark matter should significantly increase in the centers of these galaxies.
Some have suggested that interactions between matter and dark matter could have spread out the dark matter, but simulations haven’t shown this kind of phenomenon in dwarf galaxies. Thus, this new measurement shows that either there are some unexpected interactions between matter and dark matter, or that dark matter isn’t “cold”. Finally, this could also imply that there is no such thing as dark matter, and that an alternate explanation is necessary… Hopefully, the two scientists may find an answer by studying more dwarf galaxies, particularly ones containing even more dark matter.

Reference
Matthew G. Walker, Jorge Peñarrubia. A Method for Measuring (Slopes of) the Mass Profiles of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies: arXiv:1108.2404v3

SOURCE:http://atramateria.com/dark-matter-just-got-darker/

~KIROAN~

DNA building blocks could have originated in space

Researchers at NASA have uncovered new evidence that DNA components found in meteorites were probably created in space.
Dr. Michael Callahan of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. and colleagues closely analyzed samples from 12 different carbon-rich meteorites, 9 of which were recovered from Antarctica. They used a liquid chromatograph to isolate a mixture of compounds, which they further analyzed with a mass spectrometer to determine their chemical structure

The team found adenine and guanine, two of the four building blocks of DNA called nucleobases, as well as hypoxanthine and xanthine. They also found a variety of nucleobase analogs (they have the same core molecule as nucleobases but with a structure added or removed), including three that are rarely found on Earth.
These nucleobase analogs are the first piece of evidence that the compounds came from space and not terrestrial contamination. The team also analyzed samples of ice from Antarctica, where the meteorites were found, and observed significantly different amounts of the two nucleobases. Moreover, none of the nucleobase analogs were found in the ice, showing once again that the compounds probably came from space. The team finally found that these nucleobases are produced in completely non-biological chemical reactions containing hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and water: this provides a plausible mechanism for their synthesis in asteroids, supporting the idea that they are of extraterrestrial origin.

Here is a short video that gives an overview of the exciting discovery:





This discovery adds to a growing body of evidence that the building blocks of essential biological molecules may actually originate in space, and may raise new questions about the dawn of life on our planet Earth, and possibly eslsewhere in the Universe.

SOURCE:http://atramateria.com/dna-building-blocks-could-have-originated-in-space/

~KIROAN~

50 new planets in our neighbourhood

The list of other worlds has recently grown bigger: astronomers have announced that they have found 50 more exoplanets, orbiting nearby stars. That’s the largest number of exoplanets ever announced at once.
The team, led by Michel Mayor from University of Geneva, Switzerland, used the HARPS (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher) spectrograph on the 3.6-metre telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile. They observed 376 Sun-like stars (stars with a mass, size and temperature similar to that of our Sun), and found that at least 40% of them have at least one planet less massive than Saturn. That number is huge! Taking into account that roughly 10% of the stars in our Milky Way are like our Sun, that literally gives billions of such planets in our galaxy alone!
They also discovered that most of the Neptune-mass planets (as well as less massive planets) appear to be in systems with multiple planets.
Another extremely interesting detail: 16 of these planets are super-Earths, with masses up to 5 times that of our home planet. One of them, called HD 85512 b, is approximately 3.6 times the mass of the Earth, and it happens to be located at the edge of its parent star’s habitable zone (allowing the existence of liquid water on the planet’s surface). Unfortunately, that’s all HARPS can tell about these planets, so it’s impossible to know if these planets have atmospheres, or what their size is. Anyway, this is once again some very exciting news!
In the coming years, new instruments will allow astronomers to push the limits further. Another spectrograph called ESPRESSO (Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet and Stable Spectroscopic Observations) will be much more sensitive than HARPS. In fact, it should be able to detect planets with the mass of Earth around other stars!
About 20 years ago, the only planets we knew of were the ones of our solar system… Today, we have confirmed the existence of 680 exoplanets, dancing around other stars, and it now looks like planets may well be billions in our galaxy. Who knows, someday, we might not even be surprised that the Universe is swarming with life.

reference:http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1134/eso1134b.pdf

SOURCE:http://atramateria.com/50-new-planets-in-our-neighbourhood/

~KIROAN~

THE STRING THEORY(its about warm holes)

We live in a wonderfully complex universe, and we are curious about it by nature. Time and again we have wondered--- why are we here? Where did we and the world come from? What is the world made of? It is our privilege to live in a time when enormous progress has been made towards finding some of the answers. String theory is our most recent attempt to answer the last (and part of the second) question.

So, what is the world made of? Ordinary matter is made of atoms, which are in turn made of just three basic components: electrons whirling around a nucleus composed of neutrons and protons. The electron is a truly fundamental particle (it is one of a family of particles known as leptons), but neutrons and protons are made of smaller particles, known as quarks. Quarks are, as far as we know, truly elementary.

Our current knowledge about the subatomic composition of the universe is summarized in what is known as the Standard Model of particle physics. It describes both the fundamental building blocks out of which the world is made, and the forces through which these blocks interact. There are twelve basic building blocks. Six of these are quarks--- they go by the interesting names of up, down, charm, strange, bottom and top. (A proton, for instance, is made of two up quarks and one down quark.) The other six are leptons--- these include the electron and its two heavier siblings, the muon and the tauon, as well as three neutrinos.

There are four fundamental forces in the universe: gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak and strong nuclear forces. Each of these is produced by fundamental particles that act as carriers of the force. The most familiar of these is the photon, a particle of light, which is the mediator of electromagnetic forces. (This means that, for instance, a magnet attracts a nail because both objects exchange photons.) The graviton is the particle associated with gravity. The strong force is carried by eight particles known as gluons. Finally, the weak force is transmitted by three particles, the W+, the W- , and the Z.

The behavior of all of these particles and forces is described with impeccable precision by the Standard Model, with one notable exception: gravity. For technical reasons, the gravitational force, the most familiar in our every day lives, has proven very difficult to describe microscopically. This has been for many years one of the most important problems in theoretical physics-- to formulate a quantum theory of gravity.

In the last few decades, string theory has emerged as the most promising candidate for a microscopic theory of gravity. And it is infinitely more ambitious than that: it attempts to provide a complete, unified, and consistent description of the fundamental structure of our universe. (For this reason it is sometimes, quite arrogantly, called a 'Theory of Everything').

The essential idea behind string theory is this: all of the different 'fundamental ' particles of the Standard Model are really just different manifestations of one basic object: a string. How can that be? Well, we would ordinarily picture an electron, for instance, as a point with no internal structure. A point cannot do anything but move. But, if string theory is correct, then under an extremely powerful 'microscope' we would realize that the electron is not really a point, but a tiny loop of string. A string can do something aside from moving--- it can oscillate in different ways. If it oscillates a certain way, then from a distance, unable to tell it is really a string, we see an electron. But if it oscillates some other way, well, then we call it a photon, or a quark, or a ... you get the idea. So, if string theory is correct, the entire world is made of strings!

Perhaps the most remarkable thing about string theory is that such a simple idea works--- it is possible to derive (an extension of) the Standard Model (which has been verified experimentally with incredible precision) from a theory of strings. But it should also be said that, to date, there is no direct experimental evidence that string theory itself is the correct description of Nature. This is mostly due to the fact that string theory is still under development. We know bits and pieces of it, but we do not yet see the whole picture, and we are therefore unable to make definite predictions. In recent years many exciting developments have taken place, radically improving our understanding of what the theory is.

If you want to learn more, visit the sites listed below. I also highly recommend the popular science book "The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for The Ultimate Theory" (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999), written by Prof. Brian Greene, a well-established string theorist.

The Official String Theory Website: An excellent introductory site for the nonspecialist, including RealAudio interviews with leading string theorists, and a tour of the Big Bang.

SOURCE:http://www.nuclecu.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html

REFERED BY:~KIROAN~

A link between the Higgs boson and dark energy?

Everyone has heard about it, and physicists are still hunting it: the Higgs boson. This hypothetical particle, which is supposed to give all other particles mass, might also be related to the expansion of the Universe.
Scientists at CERN are still looking for the legendary particle, and it’s probably just a matter of months before we know whether it exists. According to a team of researchers from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, the Higgs boson, which would help explain why particles have mass, might also have played a role in major events in the history and evolution of the Universe.
The standard model describes the Universe as extremely small, hot and dense at its birth. To explain the fact that the Universe we see today seems to be homogeneous and isotropic, cosmologists introduced a theoretical event known as inflation: very early, the Universe underwent an extremely short and fast period of expansion, during wich its size was multiplied by a factor of 1026. Unfortunately, there is still no satisfactory explanation for this rapid growth.

However, it looks like the Higgs boson could bring an answer and explain both the speed and magnitude of this early phase of expansion, as well as the accelerating expansion we observe today. When the Universe was born, because the Higgs boson was in a condensate state, it behaved in a peculiar way. In fact, it would have literally changed the laws of physics and reduced the force of gravity. This could account for the inflationary period of the Universe.
What about today’s expansion, then? By applying a mathematical principle known as scale invariance to the standard model of particle physics, the researchers observed that the equations allowed the existence of another hypothetical particle, as the Higgs condensate disappeared: the dilaton. It turns out that this almost massless particle can play the role of a quintessence field – in other words, the mysterious dark energy.
This theory has the advantage of making predictions, and the upcoming data from Planck will constitute an important test to the scientists’ model. In the meantime, the Large Hadron Collider should have confirmed (or ruled out) the existence of the Higgs boson. And if the legendary particle turns out to exist, it looks like it might explain more than one long-standing mystery.

Reference
Juan García-Bellido, Javier Rubio, Mikhail Shaposhnikov, Daniel Zenhäusern, Higgs-Dilaton Cosmology: From the Early to the Late Universe: arXiv:1107.2163v1

source:http://atramateria.com/a-link-between-the-higgs-boson-and-dark-energy/

~KIROAN~